What command should be executed first to check permission problems related to ownership?

To investigate permission issues related to ownership in a Linux environment, the most effective initial command to use is ls -l. This command provides a detailed listing of files and directories in the current directory, displaying not only the names of the files but also their ownership and permission settings.

When you run ls -l, it reveals crucial information about each file or directory, including:

• The file type and permissions for the owner, group, and others.
• The owner’s username and the group name associated with the file.
• The size of the file and the last modification time.

By examining this output, you can determine whether a user has the appropriate permissions to access a file or directory, or if ownership might not be correctly assigned. This visibility into permissions and ownership is essential for troubleshooting any access-related issues.

The other commands listed serve different purposes. getfacl retrieves the ACL (Access Control List) of a file, which may not be necessary for a basic ownership check. ps -aux provides information about running processes and their resource usage, which is unrelated to file permissions. chown is a command used to change the ownership of a file or directory, but it would not help you identify current ownership and permission